The Effects of Immigration on Children and Families

The Effects of Immigration on Children and Families Presentation Illicit movement is a disputable issue inside our general public. There are families inside our general public that are comprised of guardians that are here unlawfully yet have kids who are brought into the world here and are residents. However, it is these residents that are what I am alluding to as the fragmented residents. Who are these inadequate residents and for what reason would they say they are being affected by our general public? Are there various specifications for these kids that are destined to these undocumented families? Do they truly get indistinguishable rights from those destined to U.S. residents? Our social orders including our government officials have various sentiments about unlawful movement. Movement change adversely influences those youngsters that are destined to undocumented guardians. They wind up confronting misfortunes that had the circumstance been distinctive could never need to confront. Working in a primary school I have seen direct how those youngsters are influenced because of their folks legitimate status. My motivation in this examination is to show the enthusiastic, instructive, and budgetary impacts that are dispensed on the undocumented families. This is a difficult that won't be settled for the time being yet rather this is a difficult that is going to require help from the different controls. With this exploration more data will be found to introduce how youngsters are influenced through the various teaches and how these orders incorporate and can have a progressively wise comprehension of the current issues. The four trains that I will concentrate on will byâ communication, government, business and brain research. It is through these changed controls that I will show how these youngsters are experiencing their lives as inadequate residents. The current decision passed by Farmers Branch is a prime case of how the undocumented families need to settle on troublesome choices. Correspondence Through the perspective of correspondence we perceive how culture, the media and our general public influences the way how these kids are seen. Culture has negative and beneficial outcomes on these kids. By doing some examination I perceived how different gatherings and associations have alternate points of view with respect to undocumented families and there U.S. conceived kids. Our general public is isolated by the issue. Some believe that since those kids are now here they ought to be remembered for the view that they are our future. They ought to be acknowledged and get the advantages of all American conceived residents. Then again, there are others in our general public that feel that these kids are a weight. They accept that those particular kids ought not get a similar advantage that a United States resident gets as a result of their folks illicit status. Likewise, the media now and again negatively affects these kids. It is awful to see or hear through the different channels of correspondence how these families are being destroyed, isolated and rebuffed and even now and again being named as lawbreakers since they don't have the best possible documentation. These youngsters are confronted with the genuine chance that at any second those equivalent sorts of circumstances can without much of a stretch transpire. It is these sorts of conditions that can influence the childrens prosperity. The basic view among these undocumented families is that they came here to get an opportunity at a superior future. They don't see themselves as hoodlums, but instead as individuals that are happy to endeavor to give their family a superior presence. â€Å"It says particularly to Congress that were burnt out on the out-of â€control illicit Movement issue. That if Congress doesnt take care of business urban communities will, said Tim OHare a City Council part who was the mandates lead advocate (Anti-Illegal Immigrant Law, 2007). It is individuals like Mr. Tim OHare, a city committee for Framers Branch and different gatherings that power unlawful migrants to settle on hard choice that will influence them and their families. These individuals get the consideration from the media to address and show how unlawful settlers are an issue in our general public. Government Government is another follower that has a lot to with how the offspring of undocumented families are influenced. As indicated by Repko, â€Å"political science is the investigation of intensity (crude and obliged) and impact in government, political procedures, establishments, and relationship including rule and authority.† (Repko, 2005. pg. 58). Government has made laws, guidelines, changes and acts that influence the undocumented guardians on everyday premise. For instance, The Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 states that it is unlawful to enlist an undocumented individual. This makes it hard for the relative to get a stable employment which much of the time makes a monetary weight the family. Then again, we have the 14th Amendment that gives the option to any kid conceived in the United States soil to reserve the privilege to be a resident paying little mind to their parent lawful status. These are a few instances of how government has forced themselves on unlawful settlers. I see this as a notable open door for Congress to act, for Congress to supplant a framework that isn't working with one that we accept will work much better. At the end of the day, this is a second for individuals who have been chosen for meet up, center around an issue, and show the American individuals that we can cooperate to fix the problem.† President George W. Hedge (The White House, 2007) This is an announcement by the Press Secretary on Comprehensive Immigration change. President George W. Bramble says that unlawful migration is an issue that needs an answer. Not exclusively is our general public separated with this issue, yet we see the political discussions that follow in regards to unlawful movement. So as to diminish the entirety of the disarray and the political discussions about unlawful migration we need the administration to have a superior and away from of who is truly viewed as a U. S. resident and what their privileges truly are. Business Another order that coordinates into this point is business. This methodology has been influenced from a financial aspects perspective. In Repkos course book of financial idea that manage unlawful movement is opportunity, cost and joblessness. Furthermore, the epistemology of the financial matters is the means by which the math setup is introduced. (Repko, 2005. pg. 58). Unlawful migration not just influences the economy of the United States yet the guardians home nation also. For instance if these illicit outsiders are experiencing difficulty acquiring work to help their families they don't send any cash to their nations of origin. Likewise if these guardians are ousted to Mexico and if their youngsters remain in the United States, this is a cost that society will be compelled to cover. For instance, these youngsters will fit the bill for bureaucratic projects like CHIP, Medicare, food stamps and other legislative projects that these kids are qualified for. How much and who is paying for this advantage a parent would cover it they were here with their youngsters. In extra, are the unlawful guardians helping the economy or exacerbating it for every other person. A portion of these unlawful guardians are not paying their duties that they should pay. Then again there are individuals that are here wrongfully that cover burdens and don't get the advantages. Because of these sorts of circumstances is the thing that now and again assists with isolating society much more. Society is then compelled to think about the money related reaction of having the undocumented relatives extradited or concocted authorizes or exonerates that would permit them to remain in this nation and contribute instead of be a weight. Brain science In the brain science approach we perceive how these kids are influenced inwardly, intellectually and sociologically by having an unlawful parent. As expressed in Repkos course book, â€Å"The epistemology of brain science is that mental develops and their interrelationships can construed through conversation and perception and applied to treatment (clinical) or a progression of analyses with slight variety (experimental).† (Repko, 2005. pg.60). At the point when youngsters are developing they are confronted with numerous progressions also all the obstacles that they manage, however to include the extra worry of managing the likelihood that their family might be destroyed on account of their folks status is horrible. Envision not having your mom or father with you during your youth since one of them was ousted. This makes an extremely passionate and sociological lopsidedness in their lives. In what capacity will the youngster manage this issue? The childs instruction may likewise be risked by moving areas because of laws or acts that are occurring in todays society. One model is Farmers Branch, Texas where the city board passed a mandate that expressed that illicit foreigners were not permitted to lease lofts. Accordingly the parent will be compelled to settle on a choice of moving or to remain and take their risks of being ousted. In different circumstances, where the parent was ousted to their nation of origin the youngster may have been compelled to live with another relative or come back with their folks. In this circumstance a parent needs to settle on the troublesome choice of taking the youngsters to their nation of origin or deserting them to have a superior chance of life. In the event that this youngster is taken to their nation of origin would the individual have the chance to have training? What nature of instruction will this youngster have in another nation despite the fact that this kid is American resident? They will be unable to complete school since they may need to monetarily bolster the family. Additionally, this kid might not have the help to have an advanced degree because of the budgetary weight that the family is experiencing. These are a portion of the circumstances that a youngster needs to consider while having an unlawful parent. End Through this exploration that we can see that illicit im

Building a Strong Brand Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Building a Strong Brand - Case Study Example Inside the business some are scrutinizing the drawn out methodology of candy store in the Nestl gathering, after the organization declared that it needs to situate itself as a wellbeing, nourishment and health organization. Rivalry - Nestl possesses over 25% of the L'Oral magnificence business. When L'Oral bought The Body Shop in May 2006, L'Oral gave back a 14% stake in the reasonable exchange Day Chocolate Company, officially held by The Body Shop. Nestl has been hounded with unfriendly exposure encompassing its morals in infant milk creation, and no doubt an offer in The Day Chocolate organization would have been unsound. Nestl propelled a reasonable exchange espresso, Partners' Blend, in 2005, which may flag an organization expectation to enter the reasonable exchange chocolate showcase. Item Strategy - Nestl seems, by all accounts, to be following an alternate premium procedure, packaging non-consumable items to improve blessing status and energize value exchange up. Somewhat this might be because of an over-dependence on youngster focused on items and character licenses in the portfolio. Be that as it may, by offering non-palatable parts the measure of chocolate is constrained and items may be seen as more advantageous, in this way dovetailing into the general Nestl Strategy towards wellbeing. Over the youngster focused on regular chocolate items, Nestl has followed a system of reformulating plans to supplant counterfeit fixings with normal seasoning and shading. This is an alternate angle to the more extensive smart dieting motivation. Brand offering/item portfolio An enormous scope of regular items are accessible, with a solid nearness in curiosities. Nestl utilizes the boxed chocolate brands to offer regular bundling arrangements and buys character licenses to offer items focused to youngsters. Easter - Value-included non-consumable blessings are being added to items as an elective procedure to empower premium exchange up. For Easter 2006, Nestle mugs and games highlighted on a Yorkie Subbuteo football egg and furthermore a Milkybar Buckaroo egg. Christmas - The stout chocolate brand Yorkie follows a manly procedure and this was utilized for a few Christmas items. 'Hot Stuff' was a rum enhanced form propelled for the winter season 2005. A 16 ounces glass loaded up with Yorkie pieces, and a roulette game including a zesty chocolate were likewise accessible. Nestl guarantee that the items fulfilled men's most famous leisure activities of drinking and eating zesty food. Different events - A bundling system is utilized on the Yorkie brand to

The Complete Guide to Amazon Affiliate Links

The Complete Guide to Amazon Affiliate Links Affiliate marketing became an online trend when online retailers found that they could add a new sales channel to their portfolio. By working with publishers of online content, marketers were able to find a means of producing third party verification for their products.Affiliate marketing is popular among bloggers, v-loggers, online personalities and content producers. These producers are able to successfully sell the products that they recommend to their online communities. Some content producers find affiliate marketing to be a great way to monetize their websites.Amazon was an early believer in the online affiliate marketing program. The company launched its Associates program in 1996. Amazon knew that many websites could benefit from being able to link to the millions of products available on Amazon.com and its subsidiaries. To entice web developers and content producers to join in, Amazon keeps their program free and offers a competitive tiered incentive scheme.There are many be nefits to Amazon’s affiliate marketing program for both Amazon and producers. Amazon has huge brand recognition. People who are directed to Amazon.com know exactly which website they have landed on. Amazon also does not limit its commission only to low value products. If a member of the program can sell 100 TVs in addition to 100 pairs of socks, they will be rewarded well. Finally, Amazon is one of the biggest online resources for shopping. All of these benefits translate into an inclusive experience for Amazon, producers and shoppers.The way Amazon’s affiliate program works is simple. For every customer that you direct to Amazon.com, you will get a percentage of the sales. If you sell more products, you will receive a higher percentage. The current rates on Amazon range from 4% to 15% and there is no limit on the number of sales you can earn money from. © Shutterstock.com | Twin DesignIn this article, you will learn about 1) setting up Amazon affiliate links, 2) four ways to buy on Amazon, 3) tactics for making money through affiliate links, and 4) how to promote products on Amazon.SETTING UP AMAZON AFFILIATE LINKSTo get started with Amazon’s affiliate program, you will need to sign up through the link on Amazon’s affiliate program website. Signing up for the program is free of charge and only takes a few minutes. You normally have to wait a day before you receive confirmation from Amazon that you are a full-fledged member of the program. After you are fully registered for the program, you will need to integrate the program with your website. Integrating these links with a WordPress site could not be easier. It can be done in only three steps.First, log in to your new affiliate account. Once you are logged in, you should click on the Links Banners. From here, you should select the Product Links option.To feature a product link in a new content post, all you need to do is search for the product you are looking for in the search function and then click on the product you want to feature. Once you have found it, you simply have to click on the Get Link.The Get Link function will automatically generate a code that you can copy and paste into your WordPress article. All you need to do is paste it where you want the link to be seen.FOUR WAYS TO BUY PRODUCTS ON AMAZONOne of the greatest aspects of Amazon’s program is that it is very versatile. You are not required to use one particular format to participate in the program. In fact, you can take part in the program through four different advertising methods.Links:Links are one of the most popular ways to run affiliate marketing programs because they push the customer to visit the site without being an overt advertisement. Links are easy to use. The link will be set up to take the visitor directly to the product on Amazon. The link also hosts your Associate acc ount. This helps Amazon keep track of where their customers come from. It also helps them keep track of any sales that you have earned.You can choose to include embedded text links, image links or even a combination of text and images.Banners:Banners are a more transparent form of advertising. They often serve as a visual reminder of promotions happening at Amazon.com. Banners are stylish can be integrated into any part of your website.aStore:The Amazon aStore is a product that is offered to every Associate involved in the program. The main benefit of the aStore is that you can set up an online store without having to worry about design, software or taking payments. Visitors will complete their payment with Amazon.com.Your aStore will be unique to your account. You can use your aStore to highlight the products that you are interested in or that are aligned with your brand or content. You also have to option to include all Amazon products in your store if you choose.Setting up the aS tore is very easy. When you decide to set up your store, Amazon will take you through a four-step process. You can have your own store operating in a manner of minutes.The aStore is a free benefit of the Amazon program. You do not need to pay any money to open the store or to keep it running. It is probably one of the fastest and easiest ways to open an online store.Widgets:Amazon offers the opportunity for their affiliates to include Amazon widgets on their website. Widget is a generic word for standalone code that will redirect users to a larger application or program.A widget is just another way to redirect your customers to Amazon.com from your website. They are more visual than links. Widgets are also more targeted than banners.You can show customers exact products through your widget. Widgets provide another way for you to advertise your relationship with Amazon without going down the road of a traditional advertisement. Customers can see what your store offers without having to leave your website. This makes customer interactions with widgets more meaningful.It is fairly easy to set up a widget for your Amazon store. You can reach everything you need from your associate account. When you set up your widget you can either curate a list of products or allow Amazon to select some products for you.Some of the widget styles that you can set up include: wish list, deal of the day, slide show, or MP3 clips.Depending on how much you want to customize your widget, you can have it all set up in under a minute.TACTICS FOR MAKING MONEY THROUGH AFFILIATE LINKSWorking with the Amazon Associate program to make money from affiliate links is like any other business venture. You will get out of it what you put into it. It is not enough to embed some banners on your site or include a few links in each article. If you really want to benefit from the serious earning potential of the affiliate program, you will need to continue to drive value. The following list contains the key tactics for making real money through affiliate links.Choose a niche:If you own a business or a website, you have probably been told that you have to choose a niche. The Internet is the home of niche culture. It rewards people who are very good in a very specific area.Your affiliate program can directly reflect your niche. Because Amazon sells millions of products, you will be able to find products related to your website. If you want to sell products and make commission, you should ideally be suggesting products that are relevant to your website.For example, if you run a food and culinary arts website, you can provide affiliate links to recommended cooking products, tools and books. Your customers will appreciate your insight. They will also feel that you have personally recommended these products to them. This personal touch makes them more likely to buy.Drive traffic:Driving traffic to your website is probably the biggest key to success for both your site and your affiliate program. The more people visit your website and see your links, the more people that you can convert to a sale.Traffic is driven by a variety of methods. Many of these methods are dictated by the search engines. Google’s algorithms have the biggest influence here. Your site will receive more traffic if it is SEO optimized according to Google’s latest standards. Google also now relies on quality and regular content.To drive content to your website, you need to write great content that is relative to the customers that you are targeting with your SEO strategy.Implementing a social media strategy always helps. You can even include Amazon affiliate links on your Facebook and Twitter accounts.Build credibility:By participating in the Amazon affiliate program, you will essentially be selling the products listed in your store or through your links. The key to closing more sales is to build a high level of credibility. You need your customers to trust that you are an authority on the su bject.People who visit your site regularly will probably have connected with your content. If you can build a relationship of trust between you and your readers, they will be more likely to purchase a recommended product.Learn from Amazon:Take some time to browse Amazon. Amazon is the ultimate salesman and there are more than a few hints and tricks that you can pick up from their top-rated products.Look at the product descriptions, reviews and the amount of information provided by the product link to get a better idea of what makes a product fly off the virtual shelves.Amazon is also great at upselling products. Their recommended products lists are a big key to their success.Provide and promote only the best and relevant products:Do some research on the products that you provide links to. You want to make sure that they are great products that will satisfy your target customers.Make sure you are choosing products that are well reviewed on Amazon. It is important the product actually fits the needs of your customers.Providing mediocre and uninformed recommendations will often reflect poorly on your site rather than on Amazon. It is important to recommend products that will maintain your reputation.Implement visual elements:You should always try to include a text link within the body of your content. Text links are easy and direct.However, you should not rely solely on these text, or embedded, One of the best ways to sell on Amazon or on any website is to include a clickable image link. The image will remind customers why they are interested in this product. By providing several types of visual links, you will provide your customers with many opportunities to purchase products.Sell more products to make more money:It sounds painfully obvious that when you sell more products you will earn more money. However, this is especially true on Amazon. Amazon will reward you with a higher commission or referral fee when you sell more products.This tiered system is typical of many affiliate programs. The tiered rewards system provides you with just one more incentive to make the most of the program.Take advantage of seasonal offers:Amazon’s Black Friday and Christmas are often exceptional. If there was a time to ramp up your product drive with the affiliate scheme, it is when Amazon is already heavily promoting their products and value. Amazon runs special offers during most holidays. It would serve you well to keep up with their holiday calendar.HOW TO PROMOTE PRODUCTS ON AMAZONPromoting products on Amazon requires many of the same facets that building relationships with your customers does. When you are promoting products, you should be genuinely promoting them. You want to make sure that your content is not so transparent that it looks like you are just out to take your customers’ money. You should always aim to be honest with your customers and only promote products that you would buy yourself.Write reviewsProduct reviews are one of the best ways to promote products. You will automatically become a reliable source by providing in-depth information about the product. You will also be able to interest the customer by providing exciting facts and opinions about the product.Product reviews also convert better than other types of articles. This is because if a customer takes the time to read a review of the product, they probably intend to purchase the product now or in the near future.Create a ‘Best of…’ listCreating a ‘Best of…’ list will provide similar benefits to the product review. You will present yourself as knowledgeable on the topic. You will also present several options for customers to choose from. This can have positive impacts on your sales conversion rate.Write in-depthIf you have done a good job at choosing your niche, you will be able to write in-depth articles about the products that you recommend. You should take the opportunity to discuss more than just the product’s basic functions. You can use this time to speculate about the product and introduce real-life scenarios in its regular use.Product comparisonsThere are several ways that you can write a product comparison article. You can use a combination of short reviews and a ‘best of…’ list for those who are looking for information-heavy content.You may also decide to make the information visual. Using a product comparison grid will help your customers find the product that is right for them faster. When they can get the information they desire faster, they are more likely to buy.Product launchYou can use your website to help drive excitement about the launch of a new product. This is a great way to get customers to pre-order products. It also demonstrates that your site is a great source of information about new products.Amazon runs an affiliate program that is incredibly easy to use and understand. However, you will only get out of the program what you put into it. If you put time and energy into building relat ionships through valuable content, you could find yourself participating in Amazon’s massive revenues in no time at all.

College Education High School College - 886 Words

â€Å"Freshman myth†, the freshman myth is high school seniors that get affected by the transition from college life. They are overly optimistic and confident in their ability to manage the challenges they will encounter in college. This freshman myth being blamed on by high school because in high school there is no help preparing students for the transition from high school to college, giving future students high expectation on academic, social and personal experiences for when entering college. But this becomes a domino effect because high schools can’t exactly help because they are faced with several budget cuts and lack of support to help high school students in that stage of their lives before going off to college. â€Å"Many counselors are overwhelmed and can’t help students like before and are left with little time to help students make such a jump in transition from high school to college and the transition in academic, personal and social challengesâ⠂¬  they will soon face on their own. â€Å"Statistics show an estimated 18 million students enroll in college in 2008 and almost 35% dropped out or failed out in the first semester because they were over confident, no prepared and lacked unreal expectations for entering college after graduating high school†. 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Nordstrom Employee Issues Free Essays

Does the company have an ethics policy? Conflicts of Interest Nordstrom values fair and honest dealings with their customers, coworkers, suppliers, competitors and other business partners. Directors are expected to uphold these values by avoiding conflicts of interest. Conflicts of interest also may arise when a Director, or a member of his or her family, receives personal benefits such as gifts as a result of his or her position as a Director with Nordstrom. We will write a custom essay sample on Nordstrom Employee Issues or any similar topic only for you Order Now Directors should use good judgment at all times to avoid relationships that could create a real or perceived conflict of interest. If a Director believes he or she has an actual or potential conflict of interest with Nordstrom, the Director shall notify the Chair of the Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee as promptly as practicable and shall not participate in any deliberations and decisions by the Board of Directors that in any way relates to the matter that gives rise to the conflict of interest. Corporate Opportunities Directors owe a duty to Nordstrom to advance its legitimate interests when the opportunity to do so arises. Directors may not take for themselves a business opportunity (or direct a business opportunity to a third party) that is discovered through the use of Nordstrom property, information or position, unless Nordstrom has already been offered the opportunity and determined that it will not pursue that opportunity Confidentiality Each Director, during his or her term of office, and after leaving the Board, must maintain the confidentiality of information entrusted to him or her by Nordstrom and any other confidential information about Nordstrom that comes to him or her, from whatever source, in his or her capacity as a Director, except when disclosure is authorized or legally mandated or when the information becomes generally available to the public. . How are employee and labor issues addressed? Nordstrom has an open door policy. Each employee has the responsibility to speak up to create a safer work environment that supports an environment where each can realize their potential, and contributes to the company’s goal of providing excellent customer service. If you have any questions about the Code of Conduct or have a concern about any employee or customer conduct, we want to hear from you. The expectation is that any concerns will be brought up immediately. Also, in the event any employees observe illegal or unethical behavior, they have a responsibility to speak up. An anonymous or confidential option is also available. Call 1. 888. 832. 8358 or visit ethicspoint. com. Retaliation is Not Permitted Nordstrom will not permit any retaliation against employees who report possible misconduct, raise a concern regarding a violation of this Code, participate in an investigation or otherwise engage in legally protected activity. Anyone who retaliates will be subject to disciplinary action, up to and including termination of employment. http://shop. nordstrom. com/c/nordstrom-cares-environment? origin=topnav How to cite Nordstrom Employee Issues, Essay examples

British Imperialism Essay free essay sample

European Imperialism in parts of the Middle East, Africa, and Asia had a more positive impact on the world. The three main reasons I say this is one, Europeans truly thought they were doing good by imposing on other countries. They thought buy bringing in new cultures and traditions the country would be better off and it would benefit them and the country there are imposing on because both countries would be together and the country taking them over would have new and useful resources and the country being taken over would be a part of the European success and gain new ideas and a way of life. Jules Ferry said, â€Å"something else is needed for France:†¦that she must also be a great country exercising all of her rightful influence over the destiny of Europe, that she ought to propagate this influence throughout the world and carry everywhere that she can her language, her customs, her flag, her arms, and her genius†. We will write a custom essay sample on British Imperialism Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page (Beck 351) This translates to basically the definition of assimilation, or influencing a country using your customs, traditions, and way of life. Second, European countries were more modernized than African countries so by invading they are helping to modernize Africa. Just look at Africa today compared to back then especially South Africa, they are extremely modernized other than the desert parts. Lastly, the invasion of European countries gave the Africans more job opportunities which helped their economy. Before I get into the individual countries positive affects, think about Social Darwinism or basically survival of the fittest. If a country is too weak to defend itself and another country can take it over and successfully run the country, they should be able to without any complaints. To start off, the Europeans thought that they were actually good by invading Africa and imposing their ideas on them. They thought by bringing in new ideas and traditions it would actually benefit the Africans. Also, really good infrastructure was built throughout Africa. Next, Africa and other places werent as modernized as Europe. Africans decided they had to adjust to the modern world or be consumed by it. The invasion of Europeans basically influenced them to change and become more like the rest of the world. In 1831, Muhammad Ali gained control of Syria and Arabia. He began a series of reforms in the military and in the economy. The Suez Canal’s construction was supported by his grandson, Ismail. The European influenced is what caused this canal to be built along with any other reform in Egypt. Egypt wanted to basically show their dominance by gaining power. This is a positive effect because other countries are starting to make themselves stronger. The final reason that European imperialism had a more positive impact on the world was that it gave out more job opportunities to those being invaded and helped the countries econmy and its way of life. Some examples of job created due to the invasion are servants,labourers on infrastructure projects, and soldiers in colonial armies. Also, local warfare was reduced and new hospitals and schools were provided. Another thing is richer families could send their children or even themselves to Europe so they could get a way better education. To conclude European Imperialism in parts of the Middle East, Africa, and Asia, I would say it had a more positive effect. Europeans thought they were doing something good by imposing on other countries. They thought it was a good idea to bring in their way of life and influence the other people. Second, imperialism in Africa influenced some countries so not just sit back and let it be but to show their power and dominance. Lastly, imperialism created more job opportunities and helped out the country itself.

The Rule in Turquands Case free essay sample

The doctrine of Indoor management, popularly known as the Turquands rule initially arose some 150 years ago in the context of the doctrine of constructive notice. The doctrine of constructive notice of a companys public documents was, of course, abolished prospectively. The rule was partly dictated by practical necessity persons contracting with a company were not expected to spend their time checking that any required resolutions had properly been passed, at meetings that had been correctly convened, by directors whose appointments had been duly made. The rule in Turquands Case can operate in relation to any contractual obligation but has over the years frequently been raised in respect of a document to which the companys seal has been affixed. Professor Gower, summarizing the common law position in 1969, stated: [Where] the third party receives a document sealed in the presence of the appropriate individuals as stated in the articles of association, he is entitled to rely on its formal validity. We will write a custom essay sample on The Rule in Turquands Case or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Even if the board have never resolved that the document be sealed, he will be protected for he is not entitled to see the minutes of the board meeting which relate to a matter of indoor management and has no means of checking whether the internal regulations have been complied with [1] . In India, under the Indian Companies Act 1956, the rule has been recognized under s-290 and impliedly under s-81. The principle of indoor management is one of justice, equity and good conscience and has emerged out of the concept of Agency. The Indian Courts have been applying the Doctrine quite frequently and modifying according to the case in hand. The Paper seeks to answer how far the Turquand Rule has been instrumental in protecting the interests of outsiders transacting bona fide with a company. An endeavor has also been made to find out the application of the rule and its ramifications in the modern context. Indoor management: An antithesis to Constructive Notice principle The company is an artificial legal person. Its objects and powers are set out in the memorandum and articles of association as amended from time to time. The memorandum and articles, when registered, become public documents and can be inspected by any member of the public at the office of the RoC under Sec. 610 of the Companies Act on payment of a nominal fee. Thus, every person who contemplates entering into a contract with a company, has the means of ascertaining and consequently presumed to know, not only the exact powers of the company but also to the extent to which these powers have been delegated to the directors and of any limitation placed upon the exercise of these powers. Every person dealing with the company is deemed to have a constructive notice of the contents of its memorandum and AoA. Hence, if a person enters into a contract which is beyond the powers of the company, as defined in the memorandum, he cannot acquire any rights under the contract against the company. This rule proved to be too inconvenient for business transactions and hindered the smooth flow of business. The rigours of the rule was, therefore, alleviated by the judicial pronouncement in Royal British Bank v Turquand, and the doctrine of `indoor management serving as a partial exception to the doctrine of `constructive notice. While the doctrine of constructive notice seeks to protect the company against the outsiders, the principal of indoor management operates to protect the outsiders while dealing with the company. According to this doctrine, as laid down in the Royal British Bank case, persons dealing with a company are not bound to inquire into the regularity of any internal proceedings. In other words, while persons contract with a company they are entitled to assume that the provisions of the Articles have been observed by the officers of the company. It is no part of the duty of an outsider to see that the company carries out its own internal regulations. It is sufficient if the act is not ultra vires. The doctrine of constructive notice operates against the person who has failed to inquire. But the doctrine of indoor management can be invoked by the person dealing with the company and cannot be invoked by the company. The case of Royal British Bank v Turquand The case marks the very origin of the concept of the doctrine of Indoor management. In this case the Directors of the Company were authorized by the articles to borrow on bonds such sums of money as should from time to time by a special resolution of the Company in a general meeting, be authorized to be borrowed. A bond under the seal of the company, signed by two directors and the secretary was given by the Directors to the plaintiff to secure the drawings on current account without the authority of any such resolution. Then Turquand sought to bind the Company on the basis of that bond. Thus the question arose whether the company was liable on that bond. The Court of Exchequer Chamber overruled all objections and held that the bond was binding on the company as Turquand was entitled to assume that the resolution of the Company in general meeting had been passed. The relevant portion of the judgment of Jervis C. J. reads: The deed allows the directors to borrow on bond such sum or sums of money as shall from time to time, by a resolution passed at a general meeting of the company, be authorized to be borrowed : and the replication shows a resolution passed at a general meeting, authorizing the directors to borrow on bond such sums for such periods and at such rates of interest as they might deem expedient, in accordance with the deed of settlement and Act of Parliament; but the resolution does not define the amount to be borrowed. That seems to me enough We may now take for granted that the dealings with these companies are not like dealings with other partnerships, and the parties dealing with them are bound to read the statute and the deed of settlement. But they are not bound to do more. And the party here on reading the deed of settlement, would find, not a prohibition from borrowing but a permission to do so on certain conditions. Finding that the authority might be made complete by a resolution, he would have a right to infer the fact of a resolution authorizing that which on the face of the document appear to be legitimately done. (emphasis supplied) The Rule in Turquands case The case of Royal British Bank v Turquand [2] , refined the basic Common law of Agency to articulate the Doctrine of Indoor Management. The rule was enunciated by the Court to mitigate the rigors of the Constructive Notice Doctrine. Its importance arises in situations in which the third partys dealings are with some officer or agent other than the Board. The rule protects the interest of the third party who transacts with the Company in good faith and to whom the Company is indebted. The rule enunciated in the decision is often referred to as Turquands rule and indoor management rule. The gist of the rule is that persons dealing with limited liability companies are not bound to enquire into their indoor management and will not be affected by irregularities of which they had no notice The rule enunciated in Turquand has been applied in many cases subsequently and generally in order to protect the interests of the party transacting with the Directors of the Company. Applying the rule, now it can not be argued that a person having dealings with a Company is deemed to have notice of who the true Directors are, and this being shown by public documents i. e. he registers of the directors required to be maintained by the Company and the and the notices of changes. To put it precisely, where an agent was acting apparently consistently with the Companys constitution, the third party was not affected by any internal irregularity. For instance, the lack of disclosure of a Directors interest in the Board as required by the articles, sine he could not discover whether such dis closure had or had not been made [3] . Third parties did not have notice of matters not on register. Only actual notice of the irregularity would affect him.

The eNotes Blog Have You Seen the Gone Girl TrailerYet

Have You Seen the Gone Girl TrailerYet Most readers would agree that adapted films are almost never as good as the books that inspire them. But with David Fincher casting his creepy spell over Gillian Flynns breakaway thriller, it looks like Gone Girl  might just defy the odds. Check it out below: The cast includes Ben Affleck as Nick Dunne, Rosamund Pike as his missing wife Amy, Tyler Perry as the lawyer Tanner Bolt, and Neil Patrick Harris as the waspy Desi Collings. The movie is directed by David Fincher, of The Social Network, The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo, and House of Cards fame. (Hes also directed some Nine Inch Nails music videos, and if thats not a pedigree for eerie film making, I dont know what is.) Fans of the book will recognize key points in the trailer that show how closely the movie will align with the novel: Amy and Nicks big fight before her disappearance, the mounting evidence discovered in their house, Nicks  disastrous press conference, the abandoned mall, the discovery in the basement aaahhh! Id better stop myself before I give it all away! Anyway, the studios thankfully left the screenplay in Gillian Flynns hands, so much of the integrity of the book should remain  the same. If youve read the book, what do you think of this first trailer? If you havent read the book, go do it NOW then come back and tell me what you think too. Youll thank me later. Look out for Gone Girl in theaters October 3rd, 2014!

Broken Windows Style Policing Research Proposal

Broken Windows Style Policing - Research Proposal Example In order to control and bring communal harmony in communities police are using approaches like the "broken windows policing", order maintenance policing. The study aims to highlight the appropriateness of use of approaches like these towards crime reduction. Research Methodology: In order to conduct the study, research methods such as Survey and Experimentation were used. Survey method is used primarily on the primary data to collect vital information directly from the stake holders (in this case the criminals and convicts) by using direct questionnaire. Experimentation approach is used to observe the relation between the variables and how they are getting affected by changes caused in any one of them. The identified problem in the present case is High crime rate. To facilitate researcher, we need to define the problem clearly, In order to define the identified problem precisely, we normally use exploratory studies, the two important techniques in exploratory studies are secondary data analysis and Pilot studies. Exploratory Study: These are "insights gathered through secondary data possibly from experts" (Business Research Methods, P.34, 35, ICFAI Press Publication). In this case the insights are gathered from Retired police officials, Journalists, writers, articles relating to crime etc. These inputs are gathered to add depth to the study. Pilot Studies: "A Pilot study is an informal way of gathering necessary information from reliable sources" (Business Research Methods, P.34, 35, ICFAI Press Publication). General enquiries carried out in the neighborhoods regarding crime rate in the area and social control measures adapted, use of broken windows policing yielded necessary information. Hypothesis: Null Hypothesis: The impact of broken windows style policing is positive and is suitable for a longer run. Alternative Hypothesis: The impact of broken windows style policing is negative and is not suitable for a longer run. Defining the variables: Dependent variables: In this case the dependent variable is the high crime rate and this variable is metric in nature, measurable. Independent variables: All the factors affecting or causing an influence on the crime rate, such as drunkenness, selling drugs, turnstile jumping etc are independent in nature and are quantifiable, hence metric in nature. Multiple regression is used sine both the variables are metric. Unit of Analysis: Here the unit of analysis is the high crime rate. Sampling Technique Inorder to define sample and type of sample to be chosen I have defined the population from which the sample is chosen. Population: The population consists of number of recorded criminals in city as per the city

Statistics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Statistics - Essay Example Else, it will have to have an error of (+ or -) $10 with a reduced confidence level of only 67%. This shows that the estimate that could be obtained within the existing budget is not be sufficient to prepare accurate revenue forecasts. For fairly accurate revenue forecasts, accuracy in the survey of $10 error and a confidence level of 95% can be considered as adequate. For this, a minimum of 9,600 cardholders would have to be sampled. Therefore it is recommended to increase the budget to $48,000 that would give the above confidence level and error. If this is not feasible, refer to the below table which lists all other possible ways forward.The next best alternative would be to upgrade the budget by $5,000 and gain a survey result with an error of (+ or -) $15 and a confidence level of 90%. If the confidence level expected is 98%, 98% of the distribution must lie between Z=–2.3263 and Z=+ 2.3263 of the standard normal curve. (From the table Percentage points of the normal distribution. for p = 0.01, z=2.3263) p=

Quality Specification And Quality Costs Information Technology Essay

Quality Specification And Quality Costs Information Technology Essay The quality specifications of a product or service derive from decisions and actions made relative to the quality of its design and the quality of its conformance to that design. Design quality refers to the inherent value of the product in the marketplace and is thus a strategic decision for the firm. These dimensions refer to the features of the product or service that relate directly to design issues. A firm designs a product or service to address the need of a particular market. A firm designs a product or service with certain performance characteristics and features based on what the intended market expects. Materials and manufacturing process attributes can greatly impact the reliability and durability of the product. Here the company attempts to design a product or service that can be produced or delivered at a reasonable cost. The serviceability of the product may have a great impact on the cost of the product or service to the customer after the initial purchase is made. It also may impact the warranty and repair cost to the firm. Aesthetics may greatly impact the desirability of the product or service, in particular consumer products. Especially when a brand name is involved, the design often represents the next generation of an ongoing stream of products and services. Consistency in the relative performance of the product compared to the state of art, for example, may have a great impact on how the quality of the product is perceived. This may be very important to the long-run success of the product or service. Conformance quality refers to the degree to which the product or service design specifications are met. The activities involved in achieving conformance are of a tactical, day-to-day nature. It should be evident that a product or service can have high design quality but low conformance quality and vice-versa. Quality at the source and Dimensions of Quality: Quality at the source is frequently discussed in the context of conformance quality. This means that the person who does the work takes responsibility for making sure that his or her output meets specifications. Where a product is involved, achieving the quality specifications is typically the responsibility of the manufacturing management; in a service firm, it is usually the responsibility of the branch operations management. Examples of this being a laser printer that meets the pages per minute and print density standards and checking account transaction in a bank are illustrated with the help of a table. Both quality of design and quality of conformance should provide products that meet the customerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s objectives for those products. This is often termed the productà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s fitness for use, and it entails identifying the dimensions of the product (or service) that the customer wants (that is, the voice of the customer) and developing a quality control program to ensure that these dimensions are met. Cost of Quality: Although few can quarrel with the notion of prevention, management often needs hard numbers to determine how much prevention activities will cost. This issue was recognized by Joseph Juran, who wrote about it in 1951 in his Quality Control Handbook. Today, Cost of Quality (COQ) analyses are common in industry and constitute one of the primary functions of QC departments. These are a number of definitions and interpretations of the term cost of quality. From the puristà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s point of view, it means all the costs attributable to the production of quality that is not 100 percent perfect. A less stringent definition considers only those costs that are the difference between what can be expected from excellent performance and the current costs that exist. A GOODYEAR ASSOCIATE INSPECTS A RADIAL TYRE AT THE SAO PAULO, BRAZIL, BEFORE MOUNTING IT ON THE WHEEL. GOODYEAR PRACTICES BOTH VISUAL AND INTERNAL INSPECTIONS OF TYRES, EVEN PULLING SOME TYRES FROM THE PRODUCTION LINE TO BE X-RAYED. QUALITY CONTROL ENGINEERS ALSO REGULARLY CUT APART RANDOMLY CHOSEN TYRES TO STUDY VARIOUS DETAILS THAT MAY EFEECT PERFORMANCE, RIDE OR SAFETY. How significant is the cost of quality? It has been estimated at between 15 and 20 percent of every sales dollar- the cost reworking, scrapping, repeated service, inspections, tests, warranties, and other quality related items. Philip Crosby states that the correct cost for a well-run quality management program should be under 2.5 percent. There are three basic assumptions justifying an analysis of the costs of quality: Failures are caused Prevention is cheaper Performance can be measured The costs of quality are generally classified into 4 types: Appraisal costs: Costs of the inspection, testing, and other tasks to ensure that the product or process is acceptable. Prevention costs: The sum of all the costs to prevent defects, such as the costs to prevent defects, such as the costs to identify the cause of defects, to implement the corrective action to eliminate the cause, to train personnel, to redesign the product or system, and to purchase new equipment and make modifications. Internal failure costs: Costs of defects incurred within the system: scrap, rework, and repair. External failure costs: Costs of defect that pass through the system: system warranty replacements, loss of customers and goodwill, handling complaints and product repair. Example: The quality cost report illustrates the type of report that might be submitted to show the various costs by categeories. Prevention is the most important influence. A rule of thumb says that for every rupee a person spends in prevention, he can save 10 rupees in failure and appraisal costs. Often increases in productivity occur as a by-product of efforts to reduce the cost of quality. A bank, for example, set out to improve quality and found out it has also boosted productivity. The bank developed these productivity measures for the loan processing area: The no. of tickets processed / Resources required The resources required are: Labor cost Computer time Ticket forms Before the quality improvement program, the productivity index was: = 0.2660 [2,080 / (Rs. 11.23 x 640 hours + Rs. 0.05 x 2,600 forms + Rs. 500 for systems costs)] Quality Cost Report CURRENT MONTHà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢S COST PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL Prevention costs Quality training Reliability consulting Pilot production runs Systems development Total production Rs. 2,000 10,000 5,000 8,000 25,000 1.3% 6.5 3.3 5.2 16.3 Appraisal costs Materials inspection Supplies inspection Reliability testing Laboratory testing Total appraisal 6,000 3,000 5,000 25,000 39,000 3.9 2.0 3.3 16.3 25.5 Internal failure costs Scrap Repair Rework Downtime Total internal failure 15,000 18,000 12,000 6,000 51,000 9.8 11.8 7.8 3.9 33.3 External failure costs Warranty costs Out of warranty repairs and replacement Customer complaints Product liability Transportation losses Total external failure 14,000 6,000 3,000 10,000 5,000 38,000 9.2 3.9 2.0 6.5 3.3 24.9 Total quality costs Rs. 1,53,000 100.0 After the quality improvement project was completed, lobor time fell to 546 hours and the number of forms rose to 2,100, for a change in the index to 0.3088, an increase in the productivity of 16 percent.

Role of Financial Institution in Economy

Role of Banks and Financial Institutions in Economy Money lending in one form or the other has evolved along with the history of the mankind. Even in the ancient times there are references to the moneylenders. Shakespeare also referred to ‘Shylocks’ who made unreasonable demands in case the loans were not repaid in time along with interest. Indian history is also replete with the instances referring to indigenous money lenders, Sahukars and Zamindars involved in the business of money lending by mortgaging the landed property of the borrowers.Towards the beginning of the twentieth century, with the onset of modern industry in the country, the need for government regulated banking system was felt. The British government began to pay attention towards the need for an organised banking sector in the country and Reserve Bank of India was set up to regulate the formal banking sector in the country. But the growth of modern banking remained slow mainly due to lack of surplus ca pital in the Indian economic system at that point of time. Modern banking institutions came up only in big cities and industrial centres.The rural areas, representing vast majority of Indian society, remained dependent on the indigenous money lenders for their credit needs. Independence of the country heralded a new era in the growth of modern banking. Many new commercial banks came up in various parts of the country. As the modern banking network grew, the government began to realise that the banking sector was catering only to the needs of the well-to-do and the capitalists. The interests of the poorer sections as well as those of the common man were being ignored. In 1969, Indian government took a historic decision to nationalise 14 biggest private commercial banks.A few more were nationalised after a couple of years. This resulted in transferring the ownership of these banks to the State and the Reserve Bank of India could then issue directions to these banks to fund the nationa l programmes, the rural sector, the plan priorities and the priority sector at differential rate of interest. This resulted in providing fillip the banking facilities to the rural areas, to the under-privileged and the downtrodden. It also resulted in financial inclusion of all categories of people in almost all the regions of the country.However, after almost two decades of bank nationalisation some new issues became contextual. The service standards of the public sector banks began to decline. Their profitability came down and the efficiency of the staff became suspect. Non-performing assets of these banks began to rise. The wheel of time had turned a full circle by early nineties and the government after the introduction of structural and economic reforms in the financial sector, allowed the setting up of new banks in the private sector. The new generation private banks have now established themselves in the system and have set new standards of service and efficiency.These banks have also given tough but healthy competition to the public sector banks. Modern Day Role Banking system and the Financial Institutions play very significant role in the economy. First and foremost is in the form of catering to the need of credit for all the sections of society. The modern economies in the world have developed primarily by making best use of the credit availability in their systems. An efficient banking system must cater to the needs of high end investors by making available high amounts of capital for big projects in the industrial, infrastructure and service sectors.At the same time, the medium and small ventures must also have credit available to them for new investment and expansion of the existing units. Rural sector in a country like India can grow only if cheaper credit is available to the farmers for their short and medium term needs. Credit availability for infrastructure sector is also extremely important. The success of any financial system can be fathome d by finding out the availability of reliable and adequate credit for infrastructure projects.Fortunately, during the past about one decade there has been increased participation of the private sector in infrastructure projects. The banks and the financial institutions also cater to another important need of the society i. e. mopping up small savings at reasonable rates with several options. The common man has the option to park his savings under a few alternatives, including the small savings schemes introduced by the government from time to time and in bank deposits in the form of savings accounts, recurring deposits and time deposits. Another option is to invest in the stocks or mutual funds.In addition to the above traditional role, the banks and the financial institutions also perform certain new-age functions which could not be thought of a couple of decades ago. The facility of internet banking enables a consumer to access and operate his bank account without actually visitin g the bank premises. The facility of ATMs and the credit/debit cards has revolutionised the choices available with the customers. The banks also serve as alternative gateways for making payments on account of income tax and online payment of various bills like the telephone, electricity and tax.The bank customers can also invest their funds in various stocks or mutual funds straight from their bank accounts. In the modern day economy, where people have no time to make these payments by standing in queue, the service provided by the banks is commendable. While the commercial banks cater to the banking needs of the people in the cities and towns, there is another category of banks that looks after the credit and banking needs of the people living in the rural areas, particularly the farmers. Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) have been sponsored by many commercial banks in several States.These banks, along with the cooperative banks, take care of the farmer-specific needs of credit and other banking facilities. Future Till a few years ago, the government largely patro-nized the small savings schemes in which not only the interest rates were higher, but the income tax rebates and incentives were also in plenty. The bank deposits, on the other hand, did not entail such benefits. As a result, the small savings were the first choice of the investors. But for the last few years the trend has been reversed. The small savings, the bank deposits and the mutual funds have een brought at par for the purpose of incentives under the income tax. Moreover, the interest rates in the small savings schemes are no longer higher than those offered by the banks. Banks today are free to determine their interest rates within the given limits prescribed by the RBI. It is now easier for the banks to open new branches. But the banking sector reforms are still not complete. A lot more is required to be done to revamp the public sector banks. Mergers and amalgamation is the next measure on the a genda of the government.The government is also preparing to disinvest some of its equity from the PSU banks. The option of allowing foreign direct investment beyond 50 per cent in the Indian banking sector has also been under consideration. Banks and financial intuitions have played major role in the economic development of the country and most of the credit- related schemes of the government to uplift the poorer and the under-privileged sections have been implemented through the banking sector. The role of the banks has been important, but it is going to be even more important in the future.

The Way Employee Union Are Organized in Malaysia

INTRODUCTION In the eye of history, Malaysian industrial relations undergo some valuable changes with the expanding European capitalism through Industrial Revolution from the early sixteenth century. Various parts of what is now Malaysia came under British rule some time during the nineteenth century. Then, the emergence of Malaysian industrial relations is also associated with immigrant laborers and British colonialism. Basically, industrial relations is known as relationship between employee, labour or employment. Industrial relations is not related to the relationships between one industry to another at all. And industrial relations in the public sector yet is referring to the relationship between the government and the public sector’s employees. The employer referred to in the public sector is the government which the employee will be under the power of them. As far as Malaysian industrial relations is concerned, the term public sector refers to the public services and to statutory authorities. Therefore, the term â€Å"public sector† refer to the federal and state government services, and to the federal and state statutory and local authorities. This government has been divided into few levels which is federal government (Ministry of Human Resource), federal statutory authorities (MARA), state statutory authorities ( Jabatan Agama Islam Johor) and also the local authorities (Majlis Daerah Segamat Selatan). We can see the differences between the public sector and those in private sector. The public sector has their own uniqueness which can be seen in few perpectives regarding to the principles underlying the systems, the parties involved, the way employees’ unions are organised, the way employees are grouped and also the machineries cater for industrial relations in the public sector. First of all, the public sector seems to be unique because of the principles underlying in industrial relations. The principles underlying in both public and private sectors are different at all. In Sec 52 of IRA stated that Parts 2, 3, 4 and 6 shall not apply to any public sectors since these parts are only been applied to the private sector. The principles involved are the trade unionism, recognition, collective bargaining and dispute settlements respectively. The trade union basically is an association or combination whether for employers and the employees too. The trade union is playing oles for protect the rights of workers by doing the collective bargaining to the employers. Before that, that particular trade union have to be recognized first to ensure that the collective bargaining may be successfully been achieved. The IRA requires that the union be recognized by the employer as the proper representative of those employees; in other words: the Act makes union recognition a ne cessary prerequisite to collective bargaining. Besides, regarding the collective bargaining, it is the principal means of improving the terms and conditions of employment of employees and thereby promoting their economic welfare. In contrast, all of these things are not applied to those public sector. And the largest employer in the public sector is represented by the federal government. Even the public sector has no collective bargaining and so on those the employer, employees and their trade unions also the government will sit together. This is based on the tripartite system which has been applied to this country. This tripartite system are made up of three parties which are the employer, employee and the government. There will be discussions made between them to resolve any disputes that arise among them This means the decision does not made by unilaterally; by the management on behalf of the employer without any interference by workers and the other parties. Next, the most unique characteristic that can be seen in Malaysian industrial relation system is the party involvement in the system. As we can see, Malaysia has allocated two areas in the employment sector, which is the public sector and private sector. It is important to differentiate between these two sectors. What is mean by the public sector actually? Public sector here refers to the Public Services as well as to Statutory Authorities. Statutory Authority in the other hand means a body established, appointed or constituted by any written law, whether federal or state, including a local authority. Thus, public sector is the largest sector in which the government acts as the employer of all civil servants. In addition, trade unions in the public sector are permitted to organize unions per ministry, department, profession or activity, as well as to join federations. Employees in statutory bodies (such as ports and the Employees' Provident Fund) are only authorized to join internal trade unions, which, in turn, may join the Civil Service Federation and the national trade union centre. Employees working for the defense sector, police force or prisons do not have the right to form or join trade unions. Then, there is no employer union in public sector as the federal, state governments and local authorities are said to act as the employer. Therefore, the government doesn’t need to form any union to represent themselves. Other than public sector, Malaysian also allocated the other areas for the servant whom is not in public sector which named private sector. This private sector servant usually involved the workers whom are working under their own employers. One of the biggest examples of jobs in this sector is from the banking sector. On the top of that, these private sectors have a little immunity that allowed the employers and the employees to form their union as the medium to protect their right. In fact, the union was also established to facilitate consultation and discussion for both sides. This is also help to communicate and understand each other well and ensure a conducive working environment as well as to avoid problem occurs. Moreover, the advantage of private sector unions is that they can carry out collective bargaining to voice their demands. The third uniqueness characteristic of public sector industrial relations in Malaysia is the ways employees are organized. What means here is the particular trade union must be representing of themselves only and not representing of the others. For example, regarding on the blue collar union and white collar union. Those in blue collar union can only represent for the blue collar union and those in white collar union can only represent for the white collar union . And the most important thing here is the employee unions in the public sector are organizing along ministry or department or occupation or statutory authority lines or local authority lines. It is because they want to determine the shape and nature of the public goods and services, which the members deliver so that workers and the communities they serve can see that the union is relevant to the needs of a changing world. It is good for the interests of all workers and the people who use their services and has a vision of the future, which ensures the centrality of unions in that future. The employees cannot join the trade union and also be an executive in another trade union. According to Oxford Dictionary, the term ministry is a government department headed by a minister. This means that a minister will heads every ministry. As in Malaysia we are headed by our respectful Prime Minister Y. A. B. DATO' SRI MOHD. NAJIB BIN TUN HAJI ABDUL RAZAK which he is also the minister in Ministry of Finance. Besides, Our Deputy Prime Minister Y. A. B. TAN SRI DATO' HAJI MUHYIDDIN BIN MOHD. YASSIN also is the minister in Ministry in Education. Examples of Ministry in Malaysia are Ministry of Human Recourse, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Defense etc. Basically we have 24 of ministry after the last reshuffle in 2009. The employee unions in the public sector are organizing by ministry because they have different services to be served for the public. For example, The Ministry of Health’s role is basically to lay the policy and the direction of health services in the country also to enforce regulations and be the regulator. The Ministry of Health does not have the same service to the other ministries like the Ministry of Higher Education. Thus, employees in the Ministry of Health cannot join the trade union of the Ministry of Higher Education. The employee unions in the public sector are also organizing by department. Every ministry will have their own departments. For example in Ministry of Defence, they have development department, administration department, policy department, national service department etc. Each department been leaded by different persons. They might be in the same ministry but they have different tasks and responsibilities to carry out but still have to communicate to each other even they are not in the same department. However, if they want to form a trade union, they must form according to their department because of their different works Next is they are organizing by occupation. If they are in the same department that does not mean that, they have the same job. For example, in Ministry of Health, they have medical department and in medical department, they have another small department, which are the development of medical department, the practise of medical department, the allied health science department, the telehealth department and the nursing department. The practise of medical department, which are the doctors, and the nursing department, which are the nurses, cannot forming the same trade union. The doctors will form their own trade union and cannot join the nurses’ trade union and vice versa. They are also organizing by statutory authority. According to Trade Union Act â€Å"statutory authority† means any authority or body established, appointed or constituted by any written law, and includes any local authority. Example of statutory authority is ATTORNEY-GENERAL'S CHAMBERS, CENTRAL BANK OF MALAYSIA, FEDERAL LAND DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY (FELDA), NATIONAL PRODUCTIVITY CORPORATION (NPC), TELEKOM MALAYSIA BERHAD etc. They must form their own trade union and cannot join another statutory authority trade union. For example, TELEKOM MALAYSIA BERHAD workers cannot join FEDERAL LAND DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY (FELDA) trade union because they have completely different work and an employee of a statutory authority can only join and been accepted as a member by a trade union whose membership is confined exclusively to employees of that particular statutory authority. They are also organizing by local authority. A local authority is an organization that is officially responsible for all the public services and facilities in a particular area. An employee of a local authority can only join or been accepted as a member by a trade union whose membership is confined exclusively to employees of one or more local authorities. There are four types of local government in this country who are prepared according to the hierarchy is The city also known as City Hall or the City Council, City also known as the Municipal Council, Rural areas also known as the District Council, Special area also known as the Corporation or Local Authority. Example workers in City (Municipal Council) cannot join trade union in Special area. The Fourth uniqueness characteristic of public sector industrial relations in Malaysia is the ways employees are grouped. The employees in the public sector may group themselves in union or in associations and still enjoy any of the benefits of union representation. This mean that the public workers can get any benefits of union representation even the public workers not joining the union. For the example, a teacher will get the salary increases in that year as decided by the government although the teacher is not a member of National Union of the Teaching Profession in Malaysia (NUTP). All the bargaining are discussed at the national level between the government with Congress of Employees in the Public and Civil Services (CUEPACS). Since the government is the employer of the public workers all of the decision is depends on the government budget. In contrast, in private sector, those who are not joining the trade union, thus will not get any benefits given to that particular trade union. For example, any benefits given to the Petronas Employers Union will not be given to any employers of Petronas who are not joining the trade union. Here we can see the advantages if those in the private sector are joining in the trade union since they will know their interest towards their job. They will know what their rights should get from the employers and the company itself, they can bargain more such as for the wages and also better working conditions. It is good for them to know their rights as well since they can make sure that their employer does not suppress their workers' rights. But in the same time, there will be some disadvantages to be in the private sector rather than those in public sector since the public workers may get the benefits whether ther are or they are not joining the trade union. Finally, finally yet importantly, the uniqueness of industrial relations in Malaysian public sector is the machineries that cater for industrial relation in public sector. In fact, these machineries in the public sector is unique and has no equivalent in the private sector. Thus, the following are the list of the machineries which are the first one is Salaries Commission and Salaries Committees. Then, it is followed by The Public Service Department, the Public Service Tribunal and last but not least, The Joint Councils. All these machineries have their roles in order to ensure the systematic structured in the public sector. Salaries Commission and Salaries Committees are appointed by the federal government and are necessary for the review of salaries and related conditions and these series of ad hoc commissions was kept on established since 1960s. The establishment of this commission is needed as they are also review working conditions and workers work as a whole or part of the public sector. Other than that, they are also assigned to make recommendations on those matters. In 1992 for example, the Special Committee of the Cabinet on Salaries makes the recommendations for the public sector and was known as New Remuneration Scheme and it has been renewed with the name Malaysian Remuneration Scheme in year 2002. Under this system, the employees got numbers of benefits such as paternity leave was introduced. . Thus, the reports from these two commissions will then be submitted to government and it is up to the government side, whether to accept or reject it. In fact, there is no legal obligation on the government to appoint such commissions or committees periodically, not to accept the recommendations made by them. If these recommendations submitted by them are not accepted by the government, then their recommendation will not be implemented. However, if these reports are being accepted by the government, then the recommendations will be implemented by the Public Service Department, which is also one of the important federal agencies in Malaysia. **** Next, move on the discussion on the matter of the Public Service Department (PSD) which is led by the Director General of Public Service. The PSD is organized along division lines in which there are eight divisions altogether as following divisions. The first one is recruitment division, and being followed by service division, training and career development division, wages and allowances division, pension division, negotiations division, The National Institute of Public Administration (Institut Tadbiran Awam Negara-INTAN) and finally the administration division. Each of this division has their own roles and function as for example the Service Division that formulates and implements personnel policies in the public services. These policies in addition cover such areas as the recruitment, confirmation, dismissal and re-employed of public service employees. Thus, this division also conducts all public service examinations, and it maintains the Government Staff Records Centre. Back to the main point, the Public Sector Department also acted as the human resources of the federal government and taking care only for the servant in the public sector. Besides, as being said above, the main function of PSD is to put into action on the accepted recommendations by the Salaries Commissions and Salaries Committee and thus, they are also responsible for all the implementation in the public sector includes supervise the National Joint Councils. Other than that, it is also functioned to negotiate any anomaly arising from the implementation of these recommendations with any public sector employees who is affected by it or with any organization of public sector employees whose members are affected by it. In short, the Public Service Department is responsible in initiating and also administrating personnel policies in all departments in which covered the public services employees too, from their recruitment until their retirement. ***** The Joint Councils (JCs) is machinery that is being modified from the Whitley Council machinery of the United Kingdom which was established in 1953. The Joint Councils is divided by two level which are the National Joint Councils and the Departmental Joint Councils. The National Joint Councils aim is to provide a body to establish communication through discussion between employers concerned and the government. It also constitute three councils which are one council for those in the Managerial and Professional Group and the other two councils are for employees in the Support Group. This councils are not available for Polices Forces, Armed Forces, Senior Managerial roup and public servants where the New Remuneration System (Sistem Saraan Baru-SSB) and Malaysian Remuneration System (Sistem Saraan Malaysia-SSM) does not apply. In the other side, the Department Joint Councils as well have it aim and functioned. This council provides a machinery to address any questions regarding work conditions and also obtain the views from the employees. It is also served for consultation between representatives of the ministry or department or statutory authority or local authority apprehensive and representatives of that ministry. ***** Finally, last but not least, the machinery that being use as a cater in the public sector is The Public Service Tribunal. The Public Service Tribunal was established in 1977 and it is to settle any dispute in regards to anomalies in the implementation of the recommendations by various Salaries Commission and Salaries Committees in which usually covered the issues regarding salaries and condition of service. Instead of that, any anomalies that come out will first referred to the Public Service Department (PSD). Once the Public Service Department rejected the claim, then the appeal can be made to the tribunal. The tribunal consists of a chairman and a panel of persons who have experiences and knowledge in matters of administration and was appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong. However, this tribunal is being abolished in the year 2000 because the new approaches has already taken over and the new system will have a wider appeal. CONCLUSION As the conclusion, based on few perspectives that we have seen in comparing between both in public sector and private sector, the public sector seems to have their own uniqueness rather than the private sector. They are unique regarding to what has been applied to them regarding to the principles underlying the systems, the parties involved, the way employees’ unions are organised, the way employees are grouped and also the machineries cater for industrial relations in the public sector. Since the public sector have only one centered employer which is the government, thus the management of the public sector seems to be well-managed and well-organised rather than those in private sector which they have so many employers with different way of organizing their company at all. On the other hand, people works in the public sector also somehow get benefits than those working in private sector when everyone get the same things whether they are joining the trade union or not. REFERENCES )Wu Min Aun, (1982) Industrial Relations Law of Malaysia, page xviii, Heinemann Educational Books (LTD) 2)Dunston Ayadurai ,(2004) Industrial Relation in Malaysia Law and Practice, Third Edition 3)Maimunah Aminuddin,(1949), Malaysian Industrial Relations & Employment Law, Sixth Edition, page 6, Malaysia, MC GRAW HILL EDUCATION. 4)http://mgv. mim. edu. my/MMR/9004/900405. Htm retrieved june12,2011 5)http://survey07. ituc-csi. org/getcountry. php? IDCountry=MYS=EN 6) Zanko,M, (2002) ,The handbo ok of human resource management policies and practices in Asia-Pacific economies, United Kingdom, Edward Elgar Publishing. )Mumtaj Hasan, Harlida Abdul Wahab, (2003), Undang-Undang Pekerja Untuk Pengurus, Pahang, Malaysia, PTS Publication & Distributors Sdn. Bhd. 8)http://www. worldpsi. org/TemplateEn. cfm? Section=PSI_publications=2126=/ContentManagement/ContentDisplay. cfm 9)http://www. pmo. gov. my/? menu=cabinet=1797 10)http://www. mod. gov. my/ 11)2006-2007), The constitutional role of the Attorney General, Great Britain, Parliament: House of Commons: Constitutional Affairs Committee 12)http://www. moh. gov. my/ 13)http://www. malaysia-food-beverage. com/government. htm 14)http://mgv. mim. du. my/MMR/9004/900405. Htm 15)http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Local_government_in_Malaysia 16)Parenti, M, (2010), Democracy for the Few, Singapore, Cengage Learning. 17) 1920), National Lumberman, Commercial Journal Co. 18) http://www. unioncimb. org. my/home/news/TheFutureoftheTUMovementinMs ia-CIMBConferenceArticle. pdf 19)http://mgv. mim. edu. my/MMR/9004/900405. Htm 20)Bowling, A. , (1981), Delegation in General Practice, United Kingdom, Routledge 21)(1989), Trade Union Act 1959 and Regulations Details on Trade Union Act 1959, Amendment with Index and Cases, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, MDC Sdn. Bhd.

The Perceptions Of College Students About Interracial...

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